- Bech BH, Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Coffee and fetal death: a cohort study with prospective data. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Nov 15;162(10):983-90. Epub 2005 Oct 5.
- Tolstrup JS, Kjaer SK, Munk C, Madsen LB, Ottesen B, Bergholt T, Grønbaek M. Does caffeine and alcohol intake before pregnancy predict the occurrence of spontaneous abortion? Hum Reprod. 2003 Dec;18(12):2704-10.
- Vielwerth SE, Jensen RB, Larsen T, Greisen G. The impact of maternal smoking on fetal and infant growth. Early Hum Dev. 2007 Aug;83(8):491-5. Epub 2006 Oct 31.
- Understanding Ovulation [Internet]. American Pregnancy Association. Accessed 31 Oct 2008. Available from: http://www.americanpregnancy.org/gettingpregnant/understandingovulation.html
- Dunson DB, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR. Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation. Hum Reprod. 1999 Jul;14(7):1835-9.
- Signs of labor: Know what to expect [Internet]. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/signs-of-labor/PR00083
- Dietary supplement fact sheet: iron [Internet]. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements; 2007 Aug 24 [cited 2008 Apr 20]. Available from: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp
- Ladipo AL. Nutrition in pregnancy: mineral and vitamin supplements. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jul;72(1 Suppl):280S-290S.
- Simopoulos AP, Leaf A, Salem N Jr. Workshop on the Essentiality of and Recommended Dietary Intakes for Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Oct;18(5):487-9.
- Smuts CM, Huang M, Mundy D, Plasse T, Major S, Carlson SE. A randomized trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;101(3):469-79.]
- Otto SJ, de Groot RH, Hornstra G. Increased risk of postpartum depressive symptoms is associated with slower normalization after pregnancy of the functional docosahexaenoic acid status. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Oct;69(4):237-43.
- Cheruku SR, Montgomery-Downs HE, Farkas SL, Thoman EB, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Higher maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy is associated with more mature neonatal sleep-state patterning. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):608-13.
- Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):e39-44.
- Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary - Ed. 20, Editor Donald Venes. F.A. Davis Company 2005
- Fetal development: What happens during the first trimester? [Internet]. Mayo Clinic; 2007 Jul 25. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/prenatal-care/PR00112
- Bodnar LM, Tang G, Ness RB, Harger G, Roberts JM. Periconceptional multivitamin use reduces the risk of preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Sep 1;164(5):470-7. Epub 2006 Jun 13.
- Vahratian A, Siega-Riz AM, Savitz DA, Thorp JM Jr. Multivitamin use and the risk of preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Nov 1;160(9):886-92.
- Werler MM, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Periconceptional folic acid exposure and risk of occurrent neural tube defects. JAMA. 1993 Mar 10;269(10):1257-61.
- Sahakian V, Rouse D, Sipes S, Rose N, Niebyl J. Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study.Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Jul;78(1):33-6.
- Gordeuk VR, Brittenham GM, Hughes M, Keating LJ, Opplt JJ. High-dose carbonyl iron for iron deficiency anemia: a randomized double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Dec;46(6):1029-34.
- Health Effects of PCBs [Internet]. EPA; 2008 Aug 8. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/effects.htm
- Shim, SM, Santerre CR, Burgess JR, Deardorff DC. Omega-3 fatty acids and total polychlorinated biphenyls in 26 dietary supplements. Food Sci. 2003; 68:2436-2440.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Spina bifida and anencephaly before and after folic acid mandate--United States, 1995-1996 and 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004 May 7;53(17):362-5.
- Katz J, Christian P, Dominici F, Zeger SL. Treatment effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation vary by percentiles of the birth weight distribution in rural Nepal. J Nutr. 2006 May;136(5):1389-94.
- Osteria TS. Maternal nutrition, infant health, and subsequent fertility. Philipp J Nutr. 1982 Jul-Sep;35(3):106-11.
- Huebers HA, Brittenham GM, Csiba E, Finch CA. Absorption of carbonyl iron. J Lab Clin Med. 1986 Nov;108(5):473-8.
- Heller HJ, Greer LG, Haynes SD, Poindexter JR, Pak CY. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;40(11):1237-44.
- Heller HJ, Stewart A, Haynes S, Pak CY. Pharmacokinetics of calcium absorption from two commercial calcium supplements. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;39(11):1151-4.
- Gadsby R, Barnie-Adshead AM, Jagger C. A prospective study of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Br J Gen Pract. 1993 Jun;43(371):245-8.
- Quinla JD, Hill DA. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Jul 1;68(1):121-8.
- Fetal development: What happens during the second trimester? [Internet]. Mayo Clinic; 2007. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/fetal-development/PR00113
- Pregnancy symptoms: What to expect during the first trimester [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pregnancy/PR00004
- Pregnancy symptoms: What to expect during the second trimester [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2007 Jun 21. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pregnancy/PR00018
- Pregnancy symptoms: What to expect during the third trimester [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pregnancy/PR00009
- López LB, Ortega Soler CR, de Portela ML. [Pica during pregnancy: a frequently underestimated problem]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2004 Mar;54(1):17-24.
- Martinez M. Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. J Pediatr. 1992 Apr;120(4 Pt 2):S129-38.
- Lauritzen L, Hansen HS, Jørgensen MH, Michaelsen KF. The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina. Prog Lipid Res. 2001 Jan-Mar;40(1-2):1-94.
- Salem N Jr, Litman B, Kim HY, Gawrisch K. Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system. Lipids. 2001 Sep;36(9):945-59.
- Crawford MA. The role of essential fatty acids in neural development: implications for perinatal nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 May;57(5 Suppl):703S-709S; discussion 709S-710S.
- Optimal Calcium Intake. NIH Concens Statement Online 1994 June 6-8;12(4):1-31. Accessed December 15, 2006.
- Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Muckle G, Kaplan-Estrin M, Ayotte P, Dewailly E. Beneficial effects of a polyunsaturated fatty acid on infant development: evidence from the inuit of arctic Quebec. J Pediatr. 2008 Mar;152(3):356-64. Epub 2007 Oct 22.
- Innis SM, Friesen RW. Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):548-57.
- Judge MP, Harel O, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Maternal consumption of a docosahexaenoic acid-containing functional food during pregnancy: benefit for infant performance on problem-solving but not on recognition memory tasks at age 9 mo. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;85(6):1572-7.
- Popular Baby Names [Internet]. Social Security Administration (US) [cited 2008 Dec 2]. Available from: http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/
- Mahomed K, Gulmezoglu AM. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000179.
- Sahakian V, Rouse D, Sipes S, Rose N, Niebyl J. Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Jul;78(1):33-6.
- Dietary supplement fact sheet: vitamin B6 [Internet]. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements; 2007 Aug 24 [cited 2008 Nov 24]. Available from: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb6.asp
Important Safety Information
WARNING: Accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children under 6. KEEP THIS PRODUCT OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. In case of accidental overdose, call a doctor or poison control center immediately.
Warnings
Ingestion of more than 3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids per day has been shown to have potential antithrombotic effects, including an increased bleeding time and INR. Administration of omega-3 fatty acids should be avoided in patients on anticoagulants and in those known to have an inherited or acquired bleeding diathesis.
Folic acid alone is improper therapy in the treatment of pernicious anemia and other megaloblastic anemias where vitamin B12 is deficient.
Precautions
Folic acid in doses above 0.1 mg daily may obscure pernicious anemia in that hematologic remission can occur while neurological manifestations progress.
This material is intended to provide basic information. Patients should discuss all medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment with their healthcare provider.
Please see full Prescribing Information
More than 500,000 babies are born too soon each year. Some are so small they struggle to survive. This year, Mission Pharmacal is joining forces with the March of Dimes* as a National Corporate Sponsor to help raise awareness about the growing crisis of premature birth. To learn more and help us fight prematurity, click on the links below. For more than 60 years, Mission Pharmacal has been committed to providing products for healthy women and healthy babies.
Expecting? Estimate your due date with this online pregnancy wheel.
Click here for an interactive guide to a baby's growth and development during a typical pregnancy.






